Poliwag in depth
Nyoromo, polliwog and a hypnotic spiral
The English name comes from polliwog, an obsolete word for “tadpole”, formed from the Middle English pol (“head”) and wiglen (“to wiggle”), with a nod to wag, meaning to move something from side to side. The Japanese ニョロモ (Nyoromo) works along the same lines: it combines ニョロニョロ nyoronyoro, the onomatopoeia for wriggling or undulating, with 子供 kodomo, “child”. Both versions say the same thing—something small that wriggles.
The spiral on its belly reproduces what can be seen in real tadpoles and several glass frogs, whose intestines are visible through the skin of the abdomen. But the pattern also works as the spiral used by cartoon hypnotists, which explains why a Water-type Pokémon with 40 Special Attack learns Hypnosis at level 1 and has nothing else Psychic-type by level-up.
The level 25 split
Poliwhirl is one of the few middle stages in Kanto with two possible exits. Using a Water Stone turns it into Poliwrath, a Water- and Fighting-type, slow and bulky physical wall. Trading it while it holds a King's Rock produces Politoed, added in Generation II alongside the item, and which has had a much longer competitive life outside the main story thanks to access to Drizzle.
What matters to anyone using the tadpole is that both branches move completely away from what it was: Poliwag runs, and neither of its evolutions does. Its 90 Speed is lost in the first evolution and never comes back.
The moves only unevolved players get to see
Its level-up table keeps going well past 25, and that's where the trap lies. Earth Power comes at 36, Hydro Pump at 42, Belly Drum at 48 and Double-Edge at 54. A Poliwag that evolves at the first opportunity won't see any of the four, and getting them back afterwards means visiting the Move Reminder. Before 25, the list is short: Water Gun and Hypnosis from the start, Pound at 6, Mud Shot at 12, Bubble Beam at 18 and Rain Dance at 24.
The contrast with Tympole, the series' other tadpole, is instructive. It arrived in Generation V with a design focused on sound and vibrations rather than transparency, and with a linear evolutionary line that ends in a fighter. Poliwag is fifteen years older, and it shows in the economy of the drawing: a circle, a spiral, a mouth and a tail.
What to do with it in a playthrough
It's early-game material and doesn't pretend to be anything else. You fish it up in any decent pond, catch it effortlessly with a rate of 255, and reach 25 before you realise it. The usual mistake is to treat it as a special attacker because its Water moves are special: with 50 Attack versus 40 Special Attack, and Waterfall available from a TM with 80 physical power, the opposite is often the better choice.
Its greatest value is in status moves. Hypnosis from level 1 lets it put an annoying opponent to sleep, and with 90 Speed it almost always moves first. The move's accuracy is bad enough for the plan to fail now and then, and with 40 HP, a miss usually means the end of both the turn and Poliwag.