Geodude in depth
Ishitsubute, the stone you throw
The Japanese イシツブテ combines 石 (ishi, stone) with 礫 (tsubute), which isn't just any stone but one thrown by hand. The name describes a projectile, not a living creature, and fits the entry that warns that its shape invites you to throw it like a snowball, and that doing so with 20 kilos is a bad idea. English goes in a different direction: geo-, earth, plus dude, with a geode in the background. French Racaillou combines both ideas better than any of them, crossing racaille (rubble, rabble) with caillou (pebble).
The design doesn't hide anything either. A crag with a human face, rock eyebrows, brown pupils, and two muscular arms that come straight out of the stone so it can grip walls. No legs, no torso, nothing else. It's one of the few designs from the first generation that can be explained completely in one sentence.
The mandatory cave dweller
It has appeared in practically every generation, almost always in the first cave of the game and almost always in groups. The conspicuous absence is Sword/Shield, where it was left out of the regional Pokédex. And throughout that whole run, its stats haven't been touched: the same 300 points since 1996, with no adjustments or patches, which can't be said of many species from its generation.
Compared with Onix, the other Rock/Ground type you find in the same Kanto caves, they're built backwards. Onix is extremely long, remarkably fast for its appearance, and hits like nothing; Geodude is a slow ball that can actually hit. In a regular playthrough, that means the second one settles battles while the first drags them out.
The detail that defines it most in the games is its abundance. With a catch rate of 255 and mountain habitats everywhere, it's filler material: the species you catch to complete the Pokédex, trade for something else, or keep in the team while you look for something better. Being the first link in a line that needs trading to be completed gives it a logistical role, though: Geodude are everywhere, and that's why they become the currency used to close out other people's Golem trades.
When Alola gave it magnets
Alolan Form changes Ground to Electric, and everything else changes with it. The rock is magnetic and silver in color, and the iron sand it attracts sticks to it, forming its eyebrows and a sort of hair. Its fingers have fused together except for the thumb and index finger, so the hand looks more like a pincer than a fist. The Abilities change completely too: Magnet Pull and Galvanize replace Rock Head and Sand Veil, and only Sturdy remains in both versions. It doesn't share Galvanize with anything outside its own evolutionary line.
The evolutionary path is the same, level 25 and then trading, so the magnetic variant carries the same bottleneck as the original. In Scarlet/Violet, Alolan specimens can be obtained in the Terarium of Blueberry Academy.