Shuckle in depth
A jar with legs
Its Japanese name is ツボツボ, Tsubotsubo, from the noun tsubo: jar, vase, pitcher. Repeated twice, like so many names from the second generation. The English, Shuckle, comes from shuck, which is both the shell and the act of getting inside it. Both languages settle on the same thing, the container, and neither bothers to describe the bug inside.
And the bug inside barely exists. The design is all container: a perforated red shell balanced on ridiculous legs, with a small head poking out at the front. The detail that ties everything together is the juice. Having its vase ferment Berries is not just Pokédex flavour, but something the game recognises: it holds Berry Juice in Pokémon HeartGold and Pokémon SoulSilver, and that item restores health like any other consumable.
The mathematics of twenty HP
Comparing its defenses with those of a conventional wall makes the trick obvious. A classic special wall holds up because it has a huge amount of HP and decent defenses; Blissey is the textbook example. Here the opposite happens, and the result is worse, because defenses are applied only to damage that checks them, while HP applies to everything. Poison, time, recoil, fixed damage, Curse: none of that looks at the 230.
That is why its competitive career has always gone down the utility route rather than the taking-hits route. Setting Stealth Rock and Sticky Web before going down is a job that does not require it to survive for long, and there it can compete with species such as Forretress, which arrived in the same generation and does the same job with more HP and a Steel typing behind it.
What changed over time
In the second generation it had a single Ability, Sturdy, and back then Sturdy only worked against one-hit knockout moves. The fifth-generation rewrite —preventing any one-hit knockout from full HP— is what made it usable, and it came alongside Contrary as its Hidden Ability. Gluttony had been added earlier, in the fourth generation, together with Power Trick, the move that swaps Attack and Defense and that gives it 230 Attack at level 55 on a Pokémon with 5 Speed and no decent way to hit. It is the species' recurring joke: the only way to give it huge Attack is to take away the only thing it has.
Shell Smash works backwards in the same way as it does for no other Pokémon. Where Cloyster uses it to become fast and deadly, here, with Contrary, the move raises its defenses and sinks offenses that were already on the floor. Sticky Web appeared in the sixth generation and finally gave it a clear reason to set foot on a battlefield.
Its two level 35 moves, Guard Split and Power Split, illustrate the same idea from opposite sides: Guard Split averages its defenses with the opponent's, which in its case means giving the enemy extra bulk, while Power Split averages the offensive stats and leaves the opponent hitting with almost nothing.