Gloom in depth
A rafflesia with legs
The design starts with the Rafflesia arnoldii, the largest flower in the world and also one of the worst-smelling: it attracts flies by imitating the smell of rotting meat. Gloom is that flower halfway through opening, with the bud still closed before Vileplume finishes spreading it out. The defensive behavior—smelling bad only when it feels in danger—comes from somewhere else, the skunk, not the plant.
The Japanese name, クサイハナ (Kusaihana), is a literal description: 臭い花, “stinky flower.” In English, Gloom combines the idea of dejection with bloom and the sticky texture of the goo hanging from its mouth. The Spanish name was left untouched, as happened with almost all of the first generation.
Two stones and a split in the line
Until Gold and Silver, this line only led to Vileplume. The second generation added the Sun Stone, and with it Bellossom, and the difference between the two outcomes isn't cosmetic. Vileplume keeps Grass and Poison and raises its Special Attack to 110. Bellossom loses the Poison type, becomes pure Grass, and shifts its stats toward bulk: 95 Defense and 100 Special Defense, with 90 Special Attack. Both reach a total of 490 from the starting 395. What you decide with the stone is whether you want to hit harder or take hits better, and whether you want to keep Poison-type resistances or get rid of the weakness to Psychic.
What the one that stays behind loses
Keeping a Gloom unevolved has a measurable cost. Its level-up movepool keeps expanding after 21—Moonblast at 32, Grassy Terrain at 38, Moonlight at 44, and Petal Dance at 50, with 120 power—and that's the only argument in favor of waiting. On the other side are 95 base stat points, the difference between 395 and 490, which arrive all at once as soon as the stone is used. With this species' medium-slow growth rate, level 50 is still a long way off when the first Leaf Stone appears.
Compared with Ivysaur, Kanto's other Grass- and Poison-type middle stage, it loses where it matters: 40 Speed against 60, and a less well-distributed defensive block. It gains five points of Special Attack and not much else.
Erika's Gloom
It debuted in the anime in the episode set at the Celadon City Gym, in the hands of Erika, the Grass-type Gym Leader. The story told there is that Erika met that Gloom as a child, when the Pokémon saved her from a Grimer, and that she has kept it exactly as it is ever since. It's one of the few cases where staying at the middle stage has an explanation written down somewhere.